The Legend of Sleepy Hollow and Rip Van Winkle Grade 4 Reading Level

1820 short story by Washington Irving

The Legend of Sleepy Hollow
by Washington Irving
"Ichabod Crane pursued past the Headless Horseman", by F.O.C. Darley, 1849
Country	United States
Language	English
Series	The Sketch Book
Genre(s)	Children's Volume Gothic horror
Published in	The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent.
Media type	Hardback, paperback and online
Publication engagement	1820
Published in English	1820
Preceded by	"The Angler"
Followed by	"Fifty'Envoy"
Text	The Fable of Sleepy Hollow at Wikisource

The Legend of Sleepy Hollow is a gothic story past American author Washington Irving, contained in his drove of 34 essays and short stories titled The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. Written while Irving was living away in Birmingham, England, "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" was get-go published in 1819. Along with Irving's companion piece Rip Van Winkle, The Legend of Sleepy Hollow is amid the earliest examples of American fiction with enduring popularity, especially during Halloween because of a character known as the Headless Horseman believed to be a Hessian soldier who was decapitated by a missive in battle.^[1] In 1949, the 2d film adaptation was produced past Walt Disney equally one of 2 segments in the package moving picture The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad.

Plot [edit]

From the listless repose of the place, and the peculiar character of its inhabitants, who are descendants from the original Dutch settlers, this sequestered glen has long been known by proper name of Sleepy Hollow ... A drowsy, dreamy influence seems to hang over the land, and to pervade the very atmosphere.

—Washington Irving, "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow"

The story is gear up in 1790 in the countryside around the Dutch settlement of Tarry Town (historical Tarrytown, New York), in a secluded glen known every bit Sleepy Hollow. Sleepy Hollow is renowned for its ghosts and the haunting atmosphere that pervades the imaginations of its inhabitants and visitors. Some residents say this town was bewitched during the early days of the Dutch settlement, while others claim that the mysterious temper was caused past an old Native American chief, the "sorcerer of his tribe ... before the country was discovered past Master Hendrik Hudson." Residents of the boondocks are seemingly subjected to various supernatural and mysterious occurrences. They are subjected to trance like visions and frequented by strange sights, music, and voices "in the air." The inhabitants of Sleepy Hollow are fascinated past the "local tales, haunted spots, and twilight superstitions" on account of the mysterious occurrences and haunting atmosphere. The most infamous spectre in the Hollow, and the "commander-in-principal of all the powers of the air," is the Headless Horseman. He is supposedly the restless ghost of a Hessian trooper whose head had been shot off past a devious cannonball during "some nameless battle" of the Revolution, and who "rides forth to the scene of boxing in nightly quest of his head".

The "Legend" relates the tale of Ichabod Crane, a lean, lanky and extremely superstitious schoolmaster from Connecticut. Throughout his stay at Sleepy Hollow, Crane is able to make himself both "useful and agreeable" to the families that he lodges with. He occasionally assists with light farm piece of work, helping to make hay, mend fences, caring for numerous farm animals, and cut firewood. Besides his more than dominant role as the Schoolmaster, Ichabod Crane also assists the diverse mothers of the town past helping to take intendance of their young children, taking on a more "gentle and ingratiating" part. Crane is also quite pop among the women of the boondocks for his education and his talent for "carrying the whole upkeep of local gossip," which makes him a welcomed sight within female person circles. As a business firm believer in witchcraft and the similar, Crane has an unequaled "ambition for the marvelous," which is only increased past his stay in "the spell-leap region" of Sleepy Hollow. A source of "fearful pleasance" for Crane is to visit the Old Dutch wives and listen to their "marvelous tales of ghosts and goblins," haunted locations, and the tales of the Headless Horseman, or the "Galloping Hessian of the Hollow, every bit they sometimes called him." Throughout the story, Ichabod Crane competes with Abraham "Brom Bones" Van Burden, the boondocks rowdy and local hero, for the mitt of xviii-year-former Katrina Van Tassel, the girl and sole kid of wealthy farmer Baltus Van Tassel. Ichabod Crane, a Yankee and an outsider, sees marriage to Katrina equally a ways of procuring Van Tassel'due south extravagant wealth. Brom, unable to strength Ichabod into a physical showdown to settle things, plays a series of pranks on the superstitious schoolmaster. The tension amid the three continues for some time, and is soon brought to a head. On a placid autumn night, the ambitious Crane attends a harvest party at the Van Tassels' homestead. He dances, partakes in the banquet, and listens to ghostly legends told past Brom and the locals, only his truthful aim is to propose to Katrina after the guests exit. His intentions, yet, are ill-blighted.

After having failed to secure Katrina's paw, Ichabod rides home on his temperamental equus caballus (named Gunpowder) "heavy-hearted and crestfallen" through the woods between Van Tassel's farmstead and the farmhouse in Sleepy Hollow where he is quartered at the time. Equally he passes several purportedly haunted spots, his active imagination is engorged by the ghost stories told at Baltus' harvest party. After nervously passing a lightning-stricken tulip tree purportedly haunted by the ghost of British spy Major André, Ichabod encounters a cloaked rider at an intersection in a menacing swamp. Unsettled past his fellow traveler's eerie size and silence, the teacher is horrified to observe that his companion's head is not on his shoulders, simply on his saddle. In a frenzied race to the bridge adjacent to the Old Dutch Burying Basis, where the Hessian is said to "vanish, according to rule, in a flash of fire and brimstone" earlier crossing it, Ichabod rides for his life, desperately goading Gunpowder down the Hollow. However, while Crane and Gunpowder are able to cross the bridge ahead of the ghoul, Ichabod turns back in horror to see the monster rear his horse and hurl his severed head directly at him with a fierce motion. The schoolmaster attempts to contrivance, simply is too late; the missile strikes his head and sends him tumbling headlong into the grit from his horse.

The next morning, Ichabod has mysteriously disappeared from the surface area, leaving Katrina to later marry Brom Bones, who was said "to expect exceedingly knowing whenever the story of Ichabod was related". Indeed, the only relics of the schoolmaster'south flight are his discarded hat, Gunpowder'due south trampled saddle, and a mysterious shattered pumpkin. Although the true nature of both the Headless Horseman and Ichabod's disappearance that nighttime are left open up to interpretation, the story implies that the Horseman was really Brom (an extremely agile rider) in disguise, using a Jack-o'-lantern equally a false head, and suggests that Crane survived the fall from Gunpowder and immediately fled Sleepy Hollow in horror, never to return but to prosper elsewhere, or perhaps was killed by Brom himself (though this may be unlikely, since Brom was said to have "more mischief than sick-will in his composition"). Irving's narrator concludes the story, however, past stating that the old Dutch wives continue to promote the belief that Ichabod was "spirited away by supernatural means", and a legend develops effectually his disappearance and sightings of his melancholy spirit.

In a Postscript (sometimes unused in certain editions), the narrator states the circumstances in which he heard the story from an erstwhile admirer "at a Corporation meeting at the ancient city of Manhattoes", who didn't "believe half of information technology [himself]."

Background [edit]

The Headless Horseman Pursuing Ichabod Crane (1858) past John Quidor

Irving wrote The Sketch Book during a tour of Europe, and parts of the tale may also be traced to European origins. Headless horsemen were staples of Northern Europe storytelling, featuring in German, Irish gaelic (due east.1000., Dullahan), Scandinavian (e.g., the Wild Chase), and British legends, and were included in Robert Burns's Scots poem "Tam o' Shanter" (1790) and Bürger's Der Wilde Jäger, translated every bit The Wild Huntsman (1796). Usually viewed as omens of ill fortune for those who chose to disregard their apparitions, these specters institute their victims in proud, scheming persons and characters with hubris and arrogance.^[two] One particularly influential rendition of this folktale was recorded by the German folklorist Karl Musäus.^[iii]

During the height of the American Revolutionary State of war, Irving writes that the country surrounding Tarrytown "was ane of those highly-favored places which abound with chronicle and cracking men. The British and American line had run near it during the state of war; it had, therefore, been the scene of marauding, and infested with refugees, cow-boys, and all kinds of edge chivalry."

Subsequently the Battle of White Plains in Oct 1776, the land s of the Bronx River was abased by the Continental Regular army and occupied past the British. The Americans were fortified north of Peekskill, leaving Westchester Canton a 30-mile stretch of scorched and desolated no-human being's-country, vulnerable to outlaws, raiders, and vigilantes. Besides droves of Loyalist rangers and British light infantry, Hessian Jägers—renowned sharpshooters and horsemen—were amidst the raiders who ofttimes skirmished with Patriot militias.^[iv] The Headless Horseman, said to be a decapitated Hessian soldier, may have indeed been based loosely on the discovery of merely such a Jäger'southward headless corpse constitute in Sleepy Hollow after a violent skirmish, and later buried past the Van Tassel family, in an unmarked grave in the Old Dutch Burying Ground.^[five] The dénouement of the fictional tale is set at the span over the Pocantico River in the area of the Old Dutch Church and Burying Ground in Sleepy Hollow.

According to another hypothesis, the figure of the "headless passenger" Irving could take been fatigued from High german literature, and more precisely from the Chronicle of Szprotawa by J.M. Kreis written in the first half of the 19th century. In the nineteenth century, the police force counselor Kreis noted that in the eighteenth / twentieth century the inhabitants of this urban center were afraid to movement afterward dusk on Hospitalstrasse (now Sądowa Street) due to the headless rider apparition seen at that place.^[6] In support of the hypothesis, according to information taken from the work past Z.Sinko entitled Smooth Reception of Washington Irving's Work: Between Enlightenment and Romanticism from 1988, Walter Scott encouraged Irving to learn German to be able to read stories, ballads and legends in their native language.^[vii]

Irving, while he was an aide-de-camp to New York Governor Daniel D. Tompkins, met an army captain named Ichabod Crane in Sackets Harbor, New York during an inspection bout of fortifications in 1814. Irving may have patterned the character in "The Fable" after Jesse Merwin, who taught at the local schoolhouse in Kinderhook, further north along the Hudson River, where Irving spent several months in 1809.^[8] The inspiration for the character of Katrina Van Tassel was based on an actual young woman by that proper name. Washington Irving had stayed with her family for a short fourth dimension and asked permission to utilize her name and loosely base of operations the character on her. He told her and her family, he liked to requite his characters the names of people he had met.^{[ commendation needed ]}

Ichabod Crane, Respectfully Dedicated to Washington Irving. William J. Wilgus (1819–53), artist Chromolithograph, c. 1856

The story was the longest one published every bit role of The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. (commonly referred to as The Sketch Book), which Irving issued serially throughout 1819 and 1820, using the pseudonym "Geoffrey Crayon".^[9] With "Rip Van Winkle", "The Fable of Sleepy Hollow" is one of Irving's about anthologized, studied, and adapted sketches. Both stories are often paired together in books and other representations, and both are included in surveys of early American literature and Romanticism.^[x] Irving's depictions of regional civilisation and his themes of progress versus tradition, supernatural intervention in the commonplace, and the plight of the individual outsider in a homogeneous customs permeate both stories and helped to develop a unique sense of American cultural and existential selfhood during the early 19th century.^[11]

Adaptations [edit]

Film [edit]

Will Rogers as Ichabod Crane in The Headless Horseman (1922)

• The Headless Horseman (1922), a silent movie directed by Edward Venturini and starring Will Rogers every bit Ichabod Crane. It was filmed on location in New York's Hudson River Valley.
• The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad (1949), an blithe adaptation directed by James Algar, Clyde Geronimi, and Jack Kinney, produced past Walt Disney Productions, and narrated by Bing Crosby. This version is more lighthearted and family-friendly than Irving's original story and most other adaptations, while the climactic chase is more extended than in the original story, and the possibility is stressed that the visually impressive Horseman is in fact a ghost rather than a human in disguise. It was rereleased individually in 1958 as The Legend of Sleepy Hollow.
• Sleepy Hollow (1999), a feature film adaption directed past Tim Burton which takes many liberties with the plot and characters, changing Crane from the local schoolmaster into a police constable sent from New York City to investigate recent murders, and the Horseman is used as a weapon against the local landowners. In the moving-picture show, Brom Bones is portrayed as a more sympathetic character who, while antagonistic in the beginning, redeems himself every bit he engages in futile gainsay confronting the Horseman to aid Crane escape.
• Sleepy Hollow High (2000), a directly-to-video horror movie shot in Maryland, in which a group of misbehaving high school students are sent to the Sleepy Hollow Park Grounds to clean up vandalism and graffiti. They soon realize that someone is taking the original legend too far.
• The Smurfs: The Legend of Smurfy Hollow retelling of the story by the Smurfs.

Television receiver [edit]

• The 1979 CBS After School Special Once Upon a Midnight Scary, a three-story horror anthology of alive-activity shorts, narrated past Vincent Toll, features a Sleepy Hollow segment with Rene Auberjonois as Ichabod Crane. The special itself was nominated for 3 Daytime Emmy Awards, winning for both Outstanding Children's Anthology/Dramatic Programming and Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography for a Children's Album/Dramatic Programme, and a nomination for Auberjonois' performance as Crane.
• The Legend of Sleepy Hollow (1980), a television film directed by Henning Schellerup and filmed in Utah, starring Jeff Goldblum, Million Foster, and Dick Butkus equally Brom Basic. Executive producer Charles Sellier was nominated for an Emmy Award for his work on the movie.^[12] Crane is depicted as a skeptic regarding ghosts and the supernatural.
• "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" (1985), the premiere episode of Shelley Duvall'due south Alpine Tales and Legends series, stars Ed Begley Jr. as Ichabod Crane, Beverly D'Angelo equally Katrina, Tim Thomerson as Brom, and Charles Durning equally Doffue Van Tassel, who is also the narrator.
• "The Headless Motorcyclist", a 1987 episode of The Existent Ghostbusters animated series nigh a descendent of Ichabod Crane beingness haunted by the same spirit who has adapted to the times by actualization as a headless punk motorcyclist.
• "The Tale of the Midnight Ride", a 1994 episode of the Nickelodeon series Are You Afraid of the Dark?, serves equally a sequel to the original story. A male child named Ian Matthews moves to Sleepy Hollow, where he develops a crush on a girl named Katie. On Halloween dark, they see the ghost of Ichabod Crane and transport him over the bridge that the Headless Horseman cannot cross, unintentionally prompting the Horseman to pursue them instead of Crane.
• In the 1997 Wishbone episode "Halloween Hound: The Fable of Creepy Collars", Wishbone imagines himself as Ichabod Crane and reenacts the story in his imagination when his owner goes on a Halloween night scavenger hunt with 2 schoolmates, but is scared off by the Headless Horseman.
• The Legend of Sleepy Hollow (1999), a Canadian-American television motion picture directed by Pierre Gang and starring Brent Carver and Rachelle Lefevre. The production was nominated for three Gemini Awards: Best Thespian (Carver), Best Original Music Score, and Best Production Design.
• The Nighttime of the Headless Horseman (1999), an hour-long computer-animated Boob tube special using motility capture.
• The Hollow (2004), an ABC Family telly film starring Kevin Zegers and Kaley Cuoco, and focusing on a teenage descendant of Ichabod Crane.
• "The Legend of Sleepy Halliwell" (2004), an episode of the Tv show Charmed, in which a headless horseman murders the teachers at Magic School by beheading them.
• Sleepy Hollow (2013), a crime/horror series in which Ichabod Crane is reimagined as an English language professor and turncoat during the Revolutionary War, who awakens in the 21st century and encounters the Headless Horseman, a felled mercenary whom Crane had decapitated 250 years prior. Crane teams up with Abbie Mills, a lieutenant in the Sleepy Hollow sheriff'southward department, and together they endeavour to stop the murderous Horseman and uncover a conspiracy involving supernatural forces. The prove ran for four seasons.^[13]

Music [edit]

• In Sleepy Hollow (1913), a piano suite by Eastwood Lane

The Fable of Sleepy Hollow (1958) by doo wop band The Monotones

• The Headless Horseman (2001) past Michael Jeffrey Shapiro, for baritone, itinerant string band, and orchestra
• Undead Ahead ii: Tale of the Midnight Ride (2019), by Motionless in White
• Sleepy Hollow (2020), a single by Hip-Hop artist Trippie Redd

Theatre [edit]

• Sleepy Hollow (1948), a Broadway musical, with music by George Lessner and book and lyrics by Russell Maloney and Miriam Battista. It lasted 12 performances.^[14]
• Sleepy Hollow (2009), a musical with book and lyrics by Jim Christian and music by Tom Edward Clark. It premiered at Weber State University in Ogden, Utah on October xxx, 2009.^{[15] [16]} It received the 2009 Kennedy Center American Higher Theater Festival Musical Theatre Award.^[17]
• The Hollow (2011), a musical past Matt Conner and Hunter Foster.^[18] It premiered at the Signature Theatre Company in Arlington, Virginia.
• Sleepy Hollow - A Legendary Musical (2017), a musical past Michelle Ackerman.^[xix]
• Tarrytown (2018), a musical by Adam Wachter. Its world premiere production at Backyard Renaissance Theatre Company won the 2018 San Diego Theatre Critics' Circle Craig Noel Honour for "Best New Musical."^[20] A studio cast recording starring Jeremy Jordan, Krysta Rodriguez, and Andy Mientus was released in 2020 to benefit The Actors Fund'due south COVID-nineteen relief efforts.^[21]

Audio [edit]

• Ronald Colman was the host and narrator for a radio accommodation on NBC'south Favorite Story on July 2, 1946 (requested by Walter Huston as that actor's favorite story).
• An adaptation was circulate on September 19, 1947, on NBC University of the Air: American Novels.^[22]
• Bing Crosby recreated his Disney narration in Walt Disney's Ichabod and the Legend of Sleepy Hollow for Decca Records (DAU-725) in 1949.
• Lionel Barrymore narrated and wrote the music for a version of the story on Total Allegiance Panthera leo Records (L70078), a branch of MGM Records, in 1958.
• In 1968, Ed Begley narrated the story in a Caedmon Records recording (TC-1242).
• Martin Donegan narrated the story in a 1968 recording for CMS Records (CMS 533).
• Hurd Hatfield narrated the story in a 1968 recording for Spoken Arts Records (SA 991).
• Boris Karloff was the narrator for an abridged version on a 1959 Cricket Records release, CR-32. This LP was subsequently reissued in 1977 equally a Mr. Pickwick Records recording. (SPC-5156).
• In 1988, Glenn Close narrated a version of the story for Windham Hill Records (WH-0711), afterward also released on audio cassette and CD (WD-0711).
• Sleepy Hollow (1998) - An abridged version omitting the characters of Katrina and Brom, narrated by Winifred Phillips for the Radio Tales series on National Public Radio.
• In 2009 Historic Hudson Valley^[23] released an unabridged dramatic reading past Jonathan Kruk^[24] with musical furnishings by Matt Noble.
• In 2005, BBC Radio 7 broadcast a three-part reading of the story narrated by Martin Jarvis, circulate several times since on BBC Radio iv Extra.^[25]
• Tom Mison, who starred as "Ichabod Crane" in the Flim-flam television series Sleepy Hollow, narrated the story in 2014 for Aural Studios.
• In 2019, the radio plan Adventures in Odyssey produced an adaptation of the story titled "Icky and Kat and Balty and Bones".

Geographic touch on [edit]

U.South. postage stamp postage of "The Fable of Sleepy Hollow", issued October 1974

• Annually since 1996, earlier Halloween, the nonprofit organization Historic Hudson Valley has held "Fable Weekend", an upshot at the Philipsburg Manor House in Sleepy Hollow.
• In 1997, the village of North Tarrytown, New York (as the hamlet had been called since the late 19th century), where many events of the story took place, officially changed its name to Sleepy Hollow. Its high school teams are named "the Horsemen".
• In 2006, a large sculpture depicting the Headless Horseman chasing Ichabod Crane was placed along Route 9 in Sleepy Hollow/Tarrytown, New York.

Place names [edit]

• Town and village names:
  • Sleepy Hollow, New York, street names reflect characters from the tale, Washington Irving's grave, Sleepy Hollow High Schoolhouse, Horseman Span, Old Dutch Church, and other aspects of the tale because the tale was based on this town.
  • Sleepy Hollow, Illinois, many of the street names reflect characters from the tale, and the epitome of the Headless Horseman can be found on many of the city's landmarks and publications.
  • Sleepy Hollow, Marin County, California, has Irving Drive, Legend Road, Ichabod Court, Katrina Lane, Van Tassel Courtroom, Baltus Lane, Crane Drive, and Van Winkle Drive.
  • Sleepy Hollow, Wyoming, has street names such as Pumpkin Court, Gunpowder Street, Ichabod Avenue, and Raven Street. Hosts an annual event chosen Sleepy Hollow Days.^[26]
• Subdivision names:
  • Bethel, Connecticut, "Sleepy Hollow Estates", Ichabod Lane, Legend Drive, and Katrina Circle.
  • Roanoke, Virginia, and Longwood, Florida, "Sleepy Hollow", street names such as Ichabod and Horseman.
  • Pearland, Texas, "Sleepy Hollow", street names such as Washington Irving Drive, Sleepy Hollow Drive, Crane Drive, Tarrytown Lane, and Brom Bones Boulevard.
  • Port Jervis, New York, Sleepy Hollow Road
  • Falls Church, Virginia, Street names Sleepy Hollow Route, Crane Drive, Ichabod Identify, and Horseman Lane. At that place is also a Sleepy Hollow Park and Sleepy Hollow Bath & Racquet Club.
  • Mt. Lebanon, Pennsylvania, Sleepy Hollow Route
  • Breinigsville, Pennsylvania, Sleepy Hollow Lane
  • Spinnerstown, Pennsylvania, Sleepy Hollow Road
  • Hampden Township, Pennsylvania, "Sleepy Hollow", Ichabod Court, Brom Court, and Katrina Court.
  • Amarillo, Texas, "Sleepy Hollow", Street names include Sleepy Hollow Blvd, Tarrytown Ave, Van Tassel St, Irving Ln, White Plains Ave, Fable Ave, etc. The neighborhood also has its ain unproblematic school named Sleepy Hollow Elementary. Their mascot is the Horsemen.
  • Longwood, Florida, "Sleepy Hollow", Street names include Tarry Town Trail, Brom Bones Lane, Ichabod Trail,Katrina Cove, and Horseman Cove.
• Country Parks:
  • Sleepy Hollow Country Park, Laingsburg, Michigan
• Schools:
  • The Ichabod Crane School Commune, Valatie, New York. The school's sports teams are chosen "The Riders" and a silhouette of Ichabod Crane on his horse is oftentimes representative of the habitation team while a silhouette of the Headless Horseman is representative of the opponent. The wings in the junior loftier school are besides named for characters and places, such as Katrina Van Tassel and Sleepy Hollow.
  • The Ichabod Crane Schoolhouse, Kinderhook, New York .
  • Sleepy Hollow Elementary
• Orinda, California, has Washington Lane, Sleepy Hollow Lane, Tarry Lane, Van Ripper Lane, Van Tassel Lane, Tappan Lane, and Crane Court.
• Pinson, Alabama's Sleepy Hollow Subdivision has Sleepy Hollow Bulldoze
• Walt Disney World'southward Sleepy Hollow quick service eating place in Magic Kingdom theme park.
• Residual Stop:
  • Sleepy Hollow Residuum area, New South Wales, Australia

On the Far North Coast of New South Wales lies the Sleepy Hollow rest stop. At that place is a finish located either side of the road so that Due north- and South-bound traffic is able to finish. The northbound finish is located 58 km north of Ballina and the southbound stop is located 32 km south of Tweed Heads.

Fire Station 59 in Artondale, Washington has adopted the nickname of "Sleepy Hollow", as the station is located in a remote, placidity subdivision within Pierce County.

Encounter also [edit]

• Ghost films
• Ghost stories
• Sleepy Hollow Cemetery, founded in 1849, is next to the Onetime Dutch Burying Ground. They are separately endemic and administered.

References [edit]

1. ^ Burstein, Andrew. "The Politics of Sleepy Hollow". The New York Times . Retrieved 27 October 2017.
2. ^ Haughton, Brian (2012). Famous Ghost Stories: Legends and Lore.
3. ^ "Musäus Folktale". Readprint.com . Retrieved 2014-02-18 .
4. ^ Ward, Harry M. (1999). The War of Independence and the Transformation of American Society. ISBN185728657X.
5. ^ Kruk, Jonathan (2011). Legends, and Lore of Sleepy Hollow & the Hudson Valley. ISBN978-1596297982.
6. ^ Boryna, Maciej. "Nawiedzona ulica west Szprotawie". Zwiedzamy Szprotawę. Retrieved Apr xvi, 2021.
7. ^ Sinko, Zofia (1988). Polska recepcja twórczości Washingtona Irvinga: między Oświeceniem a romantyzmem. Pamiętnik literacki 79/4.
8. ^ A letter from Merwin Irving was endorsed in Irving'south handwriting "From Jesse Merwin, the original of Ichabod Crane". Life and Letters of Washington Irving. Vol. 3. New York: Grand.P. Putnam and Son. 1869. pp. 185–186.
9. ^ Burstein, Andrew (2007). The Original Knickerbocker: The Life of Washington Irving . New York: Basic Books. p. 143. ISBN978-0-465-00853-seven.
10. ^ Puertas, Manuel Herrero (2012). "Pioneers for the Mind: Embodiment, Disability, and the De-hallucination of American Empire". Atlantis. 34 (1).
11. ^ Martin, Terence (1953). "Rip, Ichabod, and the American Imagination". American Literature. 31 (ii).
12. ^ "Charles Sellier, creator of 'Grizzly Adams,' dies at 67". Multifariousness. February three, 2011. Retrieved February 2, 2011.
13. ^ Genzlinger, Neil (September 15, 2013). "An Ichabod Crane With Backbone (but Can He Use an iPad?)". The New York Times . Retrieved September 18, 2013.
14. ^ "Sleepy Hollow (1948)". Internet Broadway Database.
15. ^ "Sleepy Hollow Legend Lives on at Regional Contest". weber.edu. 28 December 2009. Retrieved November 28, 2010.
16. ^ Hansen, Erica (October 25, 2009). "WSU creates musical of 'Sleepy Hollow' tale". Deseret News . Retrieved November 28, 2010.
17. ^ "The Michael Kanin Playwriting Awards for Festival Year 2009". March 10, 2010. Retrieved Nov 28, 2010.
18. ^ Jones, Kenneth (August 31, 2011). "PLAYBILL.COM'S Brief Encounter With Hunter Foster, Librettist of The Hollow". Playbill . Retrieved 2020-07-13 .
19. ^ "Sleepy Hollow - A Legendary Musical". www.sleepyhollowmusical.com . Retrieved 2020-07-13 .
20. ^ "Tarrytown". Adam Wachter . Retrieved 2020-07-thirteen .
21. ^ "Jeremy Jordan leads cast of musical loosely based on Sleepy Hollow story – heed to it now | WhatsOnStage". www.whatsonstage.com . Retrieved 2020-07-13 .
22. ^ digitaldeliftp.com. "The Definitive American Novels Radio Log". digitaldeliftp.com. Retrieved Feb 18, 2014.
23. ^ https://hudsonvalley.org/
24. ^ "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow".
25. ^ "BBC Radio iv Extra - the Legend of Sleepy Hollow by Washington Irving".
26. ^ Gillette News Tape staff (2005-08-28). "Gillette residents place with their subdivisions". Gillette News Record. Gillette, Wyoming. Retrieved 2018-10-29 .

Further reading [edit]

• Thomas S. Wermuth (2001). Rip Van Winkle's Neighbors: The Transformation of Rural Society in the Hudson River Valley. State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-7914-5084-8.

External links [edit]

• "The Fable of Sleepy Hollow" from The Harvard Classics (1917), hosted online at Bartleby.com.
• "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" at American Literature.
• The Legend of Sleepy Hollow public domain audiobook at LibriVox
• "Sleepy Hollow", a non-fiction description of the story'south locale written past Washington Irving in 1839.
• Sleepy Hollow Cemetery. Founded in 1849, it is adjacent to but separate from the Quondam Dutch Burying Ground.
• The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad at IMDb
• The Legend of Sleepy Hollow at IMDb
• Sleepy Hollow at IMDb
• The Misadventures of Ichabod Crane at IMDb

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Legend_of_Sleepy_Hollow

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